which has reinforce the secularity of democracy. The contingent unification of a secular conception of democracy with the secular ideology of liberalism in the modern West, as opposed to ancient democracy,

[٢]

has reinforced the secularity of Western democratic theories.

[٣]

Hence, when origin- based conceptions of democracy ground democracy in the consent of the majority to the major policies pursued by the state,

[٤]

they intend to dismiss the relevance of Gods consent. Likewise, when goal- based conceptions of democracy define democracy as a form of government, in which the actual policy and executive measurements performed under actual policy are consistent with the articulated preferences of the majority of people,

[٥]

they intend to reject the relevance of Gods ordinances.

Similarly, when deliberative democrats stipulate that the democratic deliberation should be free from any prior norm or requirement, they intend to free participants from any prior religious commitment. When they, further, argue that deliberation should aim to arrive at the most reasoned idea, they mean purely secular reasoning free from any recourse to revelation. Likewise, when they assume that in the process of deliberation participants should be equal, they imply the irrelevance of the unequal participation of Gods views.

[٦]

In the same way, when liberal democrats assume that since in a liberal

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