a fundamental religious conviction that there is such revealed absolute truth.( ٢ )Reformation has secularized political theory by proposing the availability of several truths, even over religious doctrine. Hence, the state should be separated from various religious doctrines, each of which might carry a degree of truth with it.) ٣ (And finally, the Industrial Revolution and market economy with its emphasis on the trade of land, labour and capital has secularised economics as another sphere of collective life.

[١]

Put another way, as Berger proposes, modernity has come, in most parts of the world, in a package with secularisation.

[٢]

Hence, the separation of religion and politics is an essential principle and value of modernism.

[٣]

It is worth noticing that whilst at the beginning, secularism merely meant nonreligious, at the end of the nineteenth century it meant scientific naturalism that expressed full allegiance to the truth of the sciences and the demands of industry, and commitment to those procedures in education and other institutions of society which could implement these scientific findings and serve these technical demands. Since a secular state, suggests Meland, appears to be one that pursues a policy of providing for the physical and human well- being of the widest body of its citizenry, regardless of religious, racial, or class distinctions, as a by- product of this definition of human well- being, secularism not only competes traditional lifestyles, but also it is now feeding upon the apathy and indifference of people to historic sensibilities and religious principles.

[٤]

As a result of the processes of modernism in the West, it is obvious that the Western scholars and politicians have submitted to the sacred equation, which suggests that no secularism, no democracy.

[٥]

Put another way, as Walzer argues, in Western democracies not only have people taken the place of absolute kings, but also they have succeeded God or gods.

[٦]

Therefore, in the Western conception of democracy, not only are human

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