Fox Butterfield," Arms for HostagesPlain and Simple," New York Times, November ٧٢, ٨٨٩١; Jim Lobe," Shadowy Right Winger Urges Action on Iran," Inter Press Service, June ٥٢, ٣٠٠٢. See also Ledeens account, which he offered in his ٨٩٩١ book Perilous Statecraft: An Insiders Account of the Iran- Contra Affair( Charles Scribners Sons, ٨٨٩١ ).

[٥٢].

. See, for example, the Tower Commissions report, available on the web site of the American Presidency Project. For more on Ledeens track record, see Jim Lobe," Veteran Neocon Adviser Moves on Iran," Asia Times, June ٦٢, ٣٠٠٢; and Anthony Gancarski," Michael Ledeen on the Run," Antiwar. com, August ٢٢, ٣٠٠٢.

[٥٣].Sydney Morning Herald

[٥٤].Harold Rhode

[٥٥].Douglas Feith

[٥٦].Oliver North

[٥٧].

Knut Royce and Timothy Phelps," Arms Dealer in Talks with U. S. Officials about Iran," Sydney Morning

Herald, August ٩, ٣٠٠٢.

[٥٨].Washington Monthly

[٥٩].

Joshua Micah Marshall, Laura Rozen, and Paul Glastris," Iran- Contra II?" Washington Monthly, September ٤٠٠٢.

[٦٠].Nicolo Pollari

[٦١].Antonio Martino

[٦٢].

Joshua Micah Marshall, Laura Rozen, and Paul Glastris," Iran- Contra II?" Washington Monthly, September ٤٠٠٢.

[٦٣].Vincent Cannistraro

[٦٤].

Who Forged the Niger Documents?, Ian Masters, Alternet. com, April ٧, ٥٠٠٢

[٦٥].The American Conservative

[٦٦].

." Interview with Philip Giraldi"( MP ٣ Audio ). July ٦٢, ٥٠٠٢. http:// weekendinter viewshow. com/ audio/ giraldi- ledeen- clip. mp ٣. CPetrieved ٨٠٠٢- ١١- ٥١

[٦٧].

Scowcroft Strikes Out, Michael Ledeen, National Review Online, August ٦, ٢٠٠٢

[٦٨].

Larisa Alexandrovna," Conversation with Machiavellis Ghost: Controversial Neoconservative Ledeen Talks

. to Raw Story," February ٦٢, ٦٠٠٢

[٦٩].

Peter Beinart," Enemies List," New York Times, September ٩, ٧٠٠٢

[٧٠].Peter Beinart

[٧١].

Peter Beinart," Enemies List," New York Times, September ٩, ٧٠٠٢

[٧٢].

Michael Ledeen," Time to Focus on Iran- The Mother of Modern Terrorism," JINSA Policy Forum, May ٦,

. ٣٠٠٢

[٧٣].

Testimony of Michael A. Ledeen," U. S. Policy Toward IranThe Next Steps," House Committee on

International Relations, March ٨, ٦٠٠٢.

[٧٤].morris Amitay

[٧٥].Frank Gaffney

[٧٦].Joshua Muravchik

[٧٧].James Woolsey

[٧٨].Machiavelli

[٧٩].

Cited in Jim Lobe," Veteran Neocon Adviser Moves on Iran," Inter Press Service, June ٦٢, ٣٠٠٢.

[٨٠].

why Machiavellis iron rules are as timely and important today as five centuries ago

[٨١].

Michael A. Ledeen, Machiavelli on Modern Leadership: Why Machiavellis Iron Rules Are As Timely and

Important Today As Five Centuries Ago( New York: Truman Talley Books, ٩٩٩١ ). Quoted in Jackson Lears," Keeping It Real," Nation, June ٢١, ٦٠٠٢.

[٨٢].Francesco Pazienza

[٨٣].Italian P ٢ Masonic Lodge

[٨٤].Toronto Star

[٨٥].

CPuth Gruber," ٠٢ Face Trial in ٠٨٩١ Massacre Italy Believes Blast Part of Plot," Toronto Star, March ١,

٧٨٩١.

[٨٦].Andy McCarthy

[٨٧].

Michael Ledeen," Back from Alaska," Faster, Please! Pajamas Media, August ٧, ٨٠٠٢.

[٨٨].Jim Lobe

[٨٩].Sheldon Adelson

[٩٠].Arthur Brooks

[٩١].CPichard Perle

[٩٢].

Jim Lobe," The Ledeen Move," Lobelog, August ٥٢, ٨٠٠٢.

[٩٣].

Stephanopoulos and Ledeen: together in the most accountability- free profession, Glenn Greenwald,

Salon. com, November ٤, ٩٠٠٢

[٩٤].

Whos Really Screwing America:- ٦٢: Michael Ledeen: Improving on Mussolini, Jack Huberman, The

Nation, June ٣٢, ٦٠٠٢