زندگى تحت توفيقات اصول اخلاق - مكارم شيرازى، ناصر - الصفحة ٣٧ - Studying and criticism

that is desire and anger powers being controlled by perceptionpower, will be another virtue. It often happens that a man is brave and for example, is not afraid unduly in the battle field, but this bravery may be utilized in a wrong way, like fighting for little and worthless objectives, and this is bravery but not justice.

But if this bravery is applied for a high and intellectual objective and mixed with wisdom, justice is achieved.

Studying and criticism

The principles mentioned by previous scholars for morality( good and bad )and described in the foregoing discussion are not perfect, although they may seem interesting:

١- There are some good moral habits that placing them inone of the above quadruple principles seems difficult. Forinstance, philanthropy and self sacrifice and self devotion, couldbe hardly included in" chastity", because it is possible that anindividual's desires are moderate, while he lacks self sacrificeand self devotion and philanthropy. That is to say he neithera ggresses to the rights of others, nor desires their loss, but atthe meantime does not have any self- sacrifice and self- devotion.

Moreover, optimism could not be included in" wisdom", because" optimism" differs with" correct distinction".

Perhaps insist on this quadruple division is caused by theideology of the ancients who assumed most of world's issuesbased on the number four, and considered four things as themain elements, and divided body's components andtemperaments into four. They considered four diseases as theprinciples of physical diseases, and assumed one of fourtemp eraments for all medicines. While today it is certain for usthat none of these quadruple divisions are correct. The same is