زندگى تحت توفيقات اصول اخلاق - مكارم شيرازى، ناصر - الصفحة ٣٥ - Quadruple principles of ethics inview of the ancients

First, we shall review a prospect of the principles of ethics inview of pioneers of this technique, and study exactly the course of their discussion in brief.

Ethics scholars have summarized principles of moral virtuesin four articles:

١- Wisdom ٢- Chastity ٣- Bravery ٤- JusticeThey believe that each of these four principles has a norm, between two extremes of sensual powers and instincts, and somoral vices are on two sides of them, and there are two viciousat tributes for each virtue.

١- Wisdom means moderation in recognition andunderst anding of realities as they are, and the opposite side inits high extreme is" slyness and astuteness", which refers tohyperactivity of perception faculty and relying on theprob abilities and doubtful matters and non- stability on correcttheories, and in its low extreme is" stupidity and dullness".

٢- Chastity refers to moderation in using lusts andappropriate utilization from desires and instincts, and theopposite side in its high extreme is" greed and self- indulgence" and in its low extreme is" numbness".

٣- Bravery is moderation in anger faculty and fearing of whatshould be feared and not fearing of what should not, and theopposite side in its high extreme is" rashness" and temerity, andin its low extreme is" cowardice" and horror.

٤- Justice refers to listening of desire and anger powers tointellect power and their appropriate control for correction andprosperity, and the opposite side in its high extreme is" being