علوم سیاسی - دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی حوزه علمیه قم - الصفحة ٥ - Abstracts
Abstracts
Principles of Political Thoughts
in Meccan Verses of Quran
Most scholars who study Islamic political thoughts have not
concentrated enough on years prior to the Propheit's Emigration to
Medineh. Dr Tijani has chosen an intiative procedure to identify many
evidences for Islamic governments through study of Meccan verses of
the holy Quran.
His argument is based on two bases: First, men have been created by
God and are equal to divine commands and have similar rights to utilize
God's creation and divine words. Therefore, Monopoly of creation and
divine words are not acceptable; second, every one has duty to stand
against secular states.
This duty is proclaimed to Them by His Messengers. The author
concludes that after the holy prophet, people are his caliphs and They
should continue the caliphate on The basis of The Quranic Teachings.
Principles of Civil Science in
Farabi's Political Thoughts
Civil or political phenomenon in political thoughts of Farabi is the most
embracing phenomenon of indivitual, social and group life of human
beings. The special applicablity of political science, in its generality, or
civic science, is the recognition of structural elements of civilian
phenomenon, and general laws of governing. Those elements;
relationship between actions and reflections of civilian phenomenon
consist of; civil men, civil society or socio-political groups (city - nation)
and country. A civil man is the main element of other civilian
phenomenons and civilian comunities. Therefore, The focus of studies
and researches on civil science, is on proper circumstances of civilian
community and civil society. From other point of view, not only civilian
gatherings or civil society in small, medium and large communities
(international) society exist, also it is researchable and studyable. But
civilian gatherings at a civil-nation level and middle level such as
Community has single identity and personality. Therefore, they could be
regarded as principles of political science, while phenomenon such as
politics and policty in international studies are principles of studies on
relationships between nations and states. From other points of view,
political science in its broadest perspective, consist understanding of
civilian phenomenon, civil society, civilian politics as structuring
approach, while, sometimes the belief is that politics is the subject of
political science.Therefore in Farabi's political thoughts main subject of
civil science, in a broadest perspective; consist of civilian gatherings, civil
society, and civilian politics. Based on these issues one can understand
principles of political science. of course civil man, civilian gatherings
from (one's point of view and global point of view) global politics
and world system are also within principles of civil science phenomenon
from Farabi's perspective.
Although civilian system, particularly at civil-nation level, consists
elements such as state, political economy, economic system, political
culture, cultural system, each of them are subject of scientific study of
politics.
All of them embody the scientific system of policy, or common system of
political science.
Thess sciences can be segmented into a main and a necessary civil
science in its absolute, general, comparative and relative forms. political
science as science of political realities, in Farabi's scientific political
thoughts, is based on science of real, nature, civil philosophy and
ultimatly logic. In other aspect, ultimate source of political science,
political philosophy, common philosophy and logic is rested on their
posimology.
Cultur Building in Nahjul Balagheh
Culture has been defined in different ways, but one can perceive it
as: collection of knowledge, perspectives, affairs, and thoughts of a
society in formation of a unified identity.
Therefore political culture is the reflection of values, belifs, and actions
of a nation on it governing its political system. In this article, the author
is to identify roles of elements and axis of Islamic culture in the building
the modern political culture.
Islamic political culture is based on God centeric belief, justice, people
participation in socio-political decision making process. the author the
teachings of the Imam Ali in Nahjul Balagheh.
People's Political Rights in Ayatollah Naini's
Thoughts
This article is an introductory to people's political rights in Ayatollah
Naini's thoughts.
The present study is based on three text books
١) Tanbeeh al-ummah va Tanzeeh al-Melleh with explanation and
comentary of Ayattollah Sayyed Mahmood Taleqani; ٢) Monyah al-taleb
written by Shikh Mossa Najafi Khonsari and, ٣) al-Makaseb va al-Beiٹ
written by Shikh Mohammad Taqi Amoli. Two aspects of strugglings
against tyrony and restegtion to Islamic identity are dominated in Naini's
thoughts. His political thoughts on people's political rights within the
constitutional governance has resulted from the interaction of those two
elements .
Adaption of divine order on people's rights is the most important
accomplishment of Naini. Based on the view of legitamate authority of
religious scholars affairs in Islamic community and principles such as
Commanding The good, Councils, essential preambles to religious duties
and The Rule of minimum and maximum, Naini has tried to articulate
people's political rights.
Social Agreement and Development
in Islamic Republic of Iran
National solidarity and social agreement are the primary and necessary
needs of the contemporary Iran, and are prerequisites of overall
development. This development is possible if and only if a spirit of
harmony and cooperation be formed among all segments of the
nation on the basis of the national interests and management of an
efficient and strong nationalist state. But formation of this unity needs
an injection of widely accepted thoughts in the whole society. Of course,
this is the primary task and production of a modern nation-state building
process. For formation of a national Identity and unity in Islamic
Republic of Iran one needs a development of a harmonious and clear
political culture among the إlites and nobilities as well as the masses. the
formation of nation-state in Islamic Republic of Iran could not be
seperated from Islamic and Shiate belief and intuitionism which have
made Iranian politica culture. Although approaches such as
fundamentalism and modernity have not been able to articulate our
national identity and unity in order to create a developed society, they
have manufactured an identity crisis, legitimacy crisis, weaken state and
low political participation in Iranian society. therefore, a new and
inititive perspective originated in Islamic thoughts and teachings within
the nation, constitutional framework should bring peace, dialogue,
tolerance, unity and cooperation among إlites in order to promote a
meaningful development.
Decline of State in
Farabi's Political philosophy
In Farabi's Political philosophy states,like other phenomena may
decline and collapse. Of course their existence and disintegration are
subject to certain causes, conditions and means.
There are two types of decline of an Ideal State in the Second Teacher's
thoughts, First is when it has ceased to be Ideal State and become
imperfect state.
In the second type we will experience an absolute decline of state.
In Farabi's philosophy causes of decline are divided into the external
and internal parts. In the present study, the author will introduce only
four important intrnal causes of the state decline:
١): Inefficiency of state: when a state looses its existing philosophy and
been unable to achieve its announced goals.
٢): Deterioration of values: when in the noble society state does not pay
enough attention to views of socio-cultural noblities and إlites.
٣): Leadership crisis: when in the five levels of leadership (first head,
executive head, traditional head, heads of tradition and intellecualeliets)
a vacuum in power be created.
٤): Pervesion in Religion: when after the era of the first head passes,
misguidness,, deceiveness and misunderstanding grow in religious
thoughts and teachings.
The History Political-Economy of Iran
This is the translation of the second chapter of Iran from Royal
Dictatorship to Theocracy written by Mohammad Amjad published in
١٩٨٩ by Green Wood Press. In this book The author within a theoratical
framework has traced roots of Islamic Revolution back to the
Constitutional Revolution of ١٩٠٥, and had analyzed events of
revolution until ١٩٨٩.
The author in this article aims to discover obstacles of developing
capitalism and forming a powerful bourgeoisie in Iran. He believes that
understanding this issue depends on understanding social formation in
Iran's pre-capitalism era. To prove his argument he initiates a
compreahensive analysis of all different view points introduced by
Iranian scholars as well as non-Iranians.
According to him a group of them believe that Iran's political-economy
must be analyzed based on elements of a transitional
society from feudalism to capitalism. These scholars, of course, can be
distinguished in two sub-groups of Marxists and non-marxists. On the
oppositional point of view, there are researchers who are rejecting the
view points of the first group and are focusing on the Asian mode of
production to explain Iran's political-economy. But the author believes
that Iran had never experienced feudalism. Furthermore, he is
convinced that it is very simplistic to name the pre-capitalist mode of
production of Iran an Asian One. In other words, although many factors
of the Asian mode of production are recognizable in Iran, but the mode
as a whole had been absent. Therefore, he divides history of Iran's
political economy in three eras: ١)Pre - capitalism (until mid-١٨th);
٢)Transition to capitalism (١٨٥٠ to ١٩٦٣); and ٣)Capitalist
era.
Agricultural society, a weak bourgeoisie, state ownership of lands, state
interference in commercial activities absence of hereditary aristocracy
are characterestics of Iran's pre-capitalism era. The author, after analysis
of different land ownership, comercial activities and relationship
between Bazaar and state in current Iran's history, identifies economic
development obstacles in Iran. He has particular focus on state
domination of economye, dependent bourgeoisie, interferance of
foreign capital and the Pahlavi II economic policies as main factors of
Shah's collapse, and victory of Islamic Revolution.
Dialogue among
cultures: An idealistic approach
for International Agreement
First wave of Islamic Revolution challenged the dominant system in
international relations through its ideology and identity revival.
American Embassy occupation by university students intensified this
process. through the imposed war Tension between Iran and the regional countries was sharpen.
By the end of the imposed war, we were witnessing a clear cut changes
in Iran foreign policy. This resulted in proper reactions by regional
players. The dإtente era with a realistic approach which was started in
١٩٨٩, was carried on through years after the second Parsian Gulf war.
This could faciliate a proper international environment for enhancing
Iran's national power.
Since ١٩٩٧, dإtente was replaced by the confidence building policy. this
approach which was the opposite of anti-Westernism and globalism
resulted in a reduction in clashes of cultures. Although Westerners
announced, for in different occasions that they have respect for Islam
and Muslims, but this process could not deteriorate international
opposition to Iran's foreign policy. The reason should be traced in Iran's
idealistic approaches in its foreign policy and dialoguss among cultures.
Although idealism will post poned challenges, but, ultimatly will enhance
he environment for clashes between cultural issues and foreign policy.