تاریخ اسلام - دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی حوزه علمیه قم - الصفحة ١٠
چکیده انگلیسی
مفتخری حسین
Redefining the Battles of Amir-e-Momenan Ali (PBUH) from the Viewpoint of Theological Sects
Dr. Hossein Moftakhari
Assistant Prof, Teacher Training University, Tehran
Nabi allah Baqerizad Ganji
M.A. in History of Islam
A series of incidents started from the middle of Uthman’s Caliphate and
ended to his death and also the events of five-year- Caliphate of Ali
particularly the battles of Jamal, Saffein, and Nahravan had a major
role in the appearance of political and theological views. The issues
like blasphemy and faith which was the major concern of people caused
the Muslims’ intellectual disputes.
This matter made the theological sects mention the diverse opinions
related to these battles, the participants and the killed people in
them. These views will be investigated in the present article.
Key Terms: Ali, Ayeshe, Talhe, Zobair, Moavieh, Jamal, Saffein, khawarej, Ahl Baghy
A Reflection on the Education and Research of Historical Geography in Iran
Dr. Abbas Ahmadvand
Assistant Prof, Zanjan University
In spite of a great number of ancient historical geography texts among
Iranian and although in the recent decades, a course under the title of
“historical geography” is taught in the universities of Iran and some
researchers are engaged in this regard, the concept and meaning of this
multidisciplinary knowledge is still suffering from vagueness and is
mixed with the other sciences such as archeology and local history.
So in the present article, after the investigation of definitions, the
record of teaching, its methods and the researches done in this regard,
we will investigate the issues related to the teaching and study of this
science in Iran, and will offer some solutions to get released from its
difficulties.
Key Terms: historical geography, the study of historical geography in
Iran, the teaching of the historical geography in Iran, local history.
History and Necessity of Convergence with the Social Sciences
Seyyed Abolfazl Razavi
Assistant Professor of History Department, Lorestan University
Reconsidering the history would be a mental task and historian’s mind is
shaped in the structural ground of society in which he lives. Having
the date of the study and the analysis of the structural elements of the
society in the past centuries in line with answering to the issues and
the structural elements of society in the time being, he will
investigate this issue through picking out the subject matters prevalent
between past and present. The historians’ knowledge and insight is due
to the society in which they live and this knowledge and insight will
have an outstanding effect on choosing the research issues, the issues
studied in structural horizon of the past but dependent on the present
time. The present time and the issues related to it are of lively and
dynamic nature and mastery to its different aspects is in need of
various specialties. The human being and his life as a generality is the
subject matter of the study in different sciences and achieving a
perfect knowledge of this generality will not be possible for the
specialists of one science.
Therefore, the intellectuals of different sciences would not have a deep
knowledge of the life of human being except through a close and
continuous interaction with the owners of various disciplines. Also, the
history as a science which studies the past of human being with the
purpose of profitability, can achieve this goal through the interaction
with the intellectuals of different sciences particularly the
specialties of social sciences.
The necessity of this interaction which would be so effective in the
generality, stability, profitability and continuing the historical data
and provides the grounds of promotion in the historical epistemology is
an issue- at least in raising the necessity of the subject- that will be
investigated in this article.
Key Terms: history, the science of history, the social sciences, society, the social structure.
The Effect of Prayer in the Cultural and Civilized Growth of Shi’ah
Dr. Ali Nuri Motlaq
Assistant Prof, Research Center of Humanities and Cultural Studies
Azam Ashuri
M.A. in Islamic Theology
The prayer is a direct path for making interaction between human being
and omnipotent God. It is the way which begins from the deepest inward
layers of human being and ends to the highest position of existence.
Therefore, the prayer is considered as the most fundamental needs of
every human being. The outward aspect, depth, direction, content, time,
location, and the conditions of the prayer and the worshiper would
greatly affect on the bringing up, life, and dynamism of the life of
individual and society.
This research looks for the effect of prayer on making and culminating
the culture and civilization of Shi’ah and it follows to prove this
hypothesis that “the prayer has a great effect on the cultural and
civilized growth of Shi’ah”
In this article, a prayer (Nodbah), a supplication (Makarem al-Akhlaq), a
ziaratnameh (Amin Allah) from the most important and credible shi’ite
prayers will be studied through the method of content analysis.
Key Terms: prayer, culture, civilization, the study of civilization, shi’ah.
The Criticism and Investigation of Historical and Civilized Approach of Hassan Hanafi to Islam and Islamic Heritage
Nasrollah Aghajani
Faculty Member of Social Science Department, Bagher-Ol-Olum University
Hassan Hanafi, one of the contemporary intellectuals of Egypt, has spent
many years of his life in compiling various works related to “Islam and
modernity” or according to his interpretation “al tajdid va al torath”
(reconstruction and heritage) and this has raised many different
reflections. His theoretical bases are derived from schools like
Husserl’s Phenomenology, Marksism, and Socialism and also Relativism,
functionalism, sacredness, Empiricism, Omanism, and historical civilized
attitudes are the approaches he applies in the analysis of Islamic
heritage.
In his historical civilized approach, through investigating the issue of
“Islamic heritage and modernity”, he believes in a history for every
period and a soul for every civilization; it means that the thoughts are
born in particular historical and civilized conditions and any thought
is a civilized thinking and an interpretation from the soul of its own
century.
He believes that the nature and basis of the religion is merely an
intellectual hypothesis which does not exist except among the historical
interpretations of interpreters.
Through discriminating between revelatory Islam and civilized one and by
putting the revelatory Islam aside, Hanafi seeks to make a basis not to
be accused for the sake of ignoring some of the most fundamental bases
of Islamic heritage; so he turns to the historical nature of heritage.
He believes that heritage is a thoughtful interpretation from the
phenomena of every century and a theoretical compilation from its
intellectual disputes. Heritage is not a heavenly issue but it is of a
historical existence and a social evolution. Hanafi’s historical
approach is mixed with his materialist approach and a material
interpretation from prophecy and resurrection has been made. He
considers the west civilization as a historical and centrifugal one and
on the other hand, he introduces the Islamic civilization and its
knowledge as a centripetal one which has been formed based on the
centrality of domination and power.
Key Terms: Hassan Hanafi, civilization, civilized approach, historical approach.
The Discourse Analysis of the Appearance and Evolution of Safavid Sufism (from Sheikh Safi to Sheikh Heidar, ٧٠٠ to ٨٩٣)
Parvin Habibi Kord Alivand
M.A. in History of Islam
Sophists played a great role in the religious tendencies of the society.
Also safavid household had an important effect on not only the Iranian
society but also the people out of Iran. Knowing the salient people of
safavid household before the establishment of safavid government and the
discourse analysis of their role in political – religious evolutions
before the formation of this government will be the major issue of the
present article.
In religious aspect, safavid household increasingly attracted people
unpleased with the political issues dominated at that time toward
monastery and asceticism and through sending some caliphs to various
regions in and out of Iran, brought up new and old human powers. These
human powers considered as Sheikh Safi’s followers came to the monastery
of Ardebil and repented and asked forgiveness in the presence of Sheikh
Safi and later in that of his successors.
Therefore, a great number of followers had made worried the governments
of the time, so they made up their mind to annihilate the sophists and
sheikhs. In the opposite, the sophists who couldn’t stand in front of
the previous division of sufism consisted of religious and spiritual
symptoms like before, stimulated the followers for attack, harshness,
and bloodshed. So in this period of time, it can be seen a sort of
substitution of symptoms in the division of sophism’s discourse and also
some changes in the texts of that period from religious to political
discourse (from Sheikh Safi to Sheikh Heidar, ٧٠٠ to ٨٩٣). These
evolutions will be investigated based on the view of Lakla and Muff and
the method of foregrounding and backgrounding. Lakla and Muff raised a
post-structuralism view based on it all the social phenomena are formed
under the effect of discourse processes.
Key Terms: discourse theory, sufism, foregrounding and backgrounding, Lakla and Muff.
The Investigation of Vaset City’s Civil Circumstance until the Third Century
Asghar Montazaralghaem
Associate Professor of History Deprartment, Isfahan Universty
Roghaye Amini
The former Student at Ph. D., History of Islam, Isfahan University
This article aims to investigate the position of Vaset city and its
civil elements. Through the method of descriptive analysis, this article
seeks an answer to this question “why was the Vaset city established?
And which elements were effective in its development?” Vaset
city-established in ٨٤ Hejri- is like the cities constructed according
to the Islamic architecture and inspired from the Islamic values.
At first, the city was constructed to settle the soldiers and armies but
little by little, it was turned into a developed Islamic city by
accepting the civil properties. Besides the analysis of some views
around the establishment of the city related to the geographical
situation, Mesopotamia and its relationship with the Islamic
urbanization, the other sections of this article has to do with the
grounds for the formation of Vaset city, the way of construction, its
salient features and civil elements such as mosque, government palace,
bazaar, localities, and the way of selecting the city’s location.
Key Terms: Islamic urbanization, Vaset, Islamic architecture, civil elements, urban sociology.