نشریه معرفت - موسسه آموزشی پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره) - الصفحة ١١
ABSTRACTS
The Whispered Words of the Needy to the Deity (١): the Whispered Supplications of the Utterly Poor
Ayatollah 'Allamah Mohammad Taqi Misbah
Abstract
The present paper seeks to elucidate Imam Sajjad's "whispered words of
utterly poor". Man's absolute perfection is realized through his
servitude. The reality of servitude means man's servanthood and inherent
poverty; that is, the Most High God is the Owner of everything. The
philosophy of setting down in Shari'ah such acts of worship as prayers,
Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), fasting, etc is a testimony to man's
inherent poverty and the Glorified God' absolute ownership. Furthermore,
glory, respect and the whole wealth belongs to none but God. Man's
transgression and rebellion in this world result from his distance from
God and his feeling that he is in no need of God. Imam Sajjad's
"whispered words of the utterly poor" testify to man's inherent poverty
and need of God confirm this belief.
Key words: whispered words of the utterly poor, inherent poverty, servitude.
Theological Foundations of 'Allamah Misbah's View about Religious Science
Mohammad Ali Mohiti Ardakani
Abstract
Delving into 'Allamah Misbah's lectures and written works, the
present paper describes and analyzes such issues as the relationship
between this world and hereafter, constant need for religion,
all-comprehensiveness of Islam, and the aim and domain of religion as
the theological foundations of his novel view on religious science.
'Allamah Misbah believes that man is essentially and constantly need of
religion, and as the last divine religion, Islam is an eternal religion.
An intra-religion study shows that religion is not intended to explain
external realities and the descriptive issues of the very human and
natural sciences are not essentially part of the religion, because the
main mission of religion is showing the way of perfection- nearness to
God- by demonstrating explaining the rules governing man's volitional
acts. However, the special attention given to the aim and domain of
religion shows that religion is present in all the fields of human life,
including natural sciences and different branches of human sciences
such as management, philosophy, politics, etc. Consequently,
these sciences can be truly referred to as religious sciences.
Key words: foundations, religious science, 'Allamah Misbah, Islam, domain of religion, aim of religion.
A Critique of Philosophical Exposition of Argument from Mutual Hindering with Emphasis on Martyr Motahhari's Exposition
Hassan Mohiti Ardakani
Abstract
Muslim thinkers present different arguments to prove the unity of the
Most High God. The argument from mutual hindering is of special position
because it has rational and transmitted support. Martyr Motahhari puts
forward this argument in addition to such arguments as argument of
interval, argument through unity of universe, argument of limitlessness
of the Most High God's essence and argument from prophecy in an attempt
to negate the plurality of the Necessary Existence and prove the unity
of the Most High God. The difference is that he tries to propose a novel
and different exposition to answer some of the problems which other
expositions cannot solve.
Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper seeks to
expand martyr Motahhari's view entitled "philosophical exposition" and
criticize and examine the validity of his exposition and its
compatibility with the Quranic verse ٢٢ in the Chapter "The Prophets".
Key words: argument from mutual hindering, unity, Necessary Existence, popular exposition, philosophical exposition.
The Mode of the Existence of Soul according to Transcendental Philosophy
Ahmad Sa'eedi
Abstract
Contrary to the common assumption, all divine philosophers do not
consider human soul as absolutely immaterial. Contrary to Aristotelian
and Illuminationists, Mulla Sadra believes that the soul's existence has
various stages and in some stages it is material and immaterial in
others; that is, the soul is something in which materiality and
immateriality are inseparable and harmonious. The idea of the existence
of material and immaterial beings, at least, in Islamic philosophy is
unquestionable. However, the possibility of material-immaterial
existence is the product of transcendental philosophy and can only be
substantiated through its foundations. Using a descriptive-analytical
method, the present paper touches on some of the preliminary principles
upon which the correct understanding of the mode of material-immaterial
existence of soul is based.
Key words: soul, existence, material, immaterial, transcendental philosophy.
An Explanation and Analysis of Types of Relationship between Substance and Accident in Sadrian System and a simple Comparison with It Avicenna's View
Mohammad Mahdi Meshkati
Abstract
The question of "substance and accident" is one of the important
philosophical issues because all the creatures or all possible creatures
are classified under these two categories. This issue has different
dimensions including the quality of relationship between substance and
its accidents which enjoyed special importance. Using a
descriptive-analytical method, the present paper seeks to specify Mulla
Sadra's view about demonstrating the nature of this relationship and
briefly compare it with Avicenna's view by reviewing and comparing Mulla
Sadra's different words.
Avicenna holds that the relationship between substance and its
accidents is a causal relationship and believes in the existential
duality of substance and accident, while Mulla Sadra proposes, in
addition to causal relationship, two other kinds of relationship between
substance and accident: the relationship between condition and place or
subordinate and subordinated and the relationship between dignity and
the dignified. In fact, Mulla Sadra originally considers that substance
and accident are two separate things and each of them is related to the
other. However, he gradually reduces the distance between substance and
its accidents so that in his third view, influenced by his final view on
causality, he excludes the existential duality of substance and
accident and defines accidents as states of substance. In Mulla Sadra's
final analysis, the external type of accident changes into an analytical
type of accident.
Key words: Avicenna, Mulla Sadra, substance, accident, analytical accident.
The Function of Islamic Philosophy in Establishing Affirmative Ontological and Epistemological Principles of Theology (Kalam)
Ali Shafabakhsh
Abstract
Some opponents of Islamic philosophy think that philosophy is a harmful
and destructive science which lacks any positive function and
scientific and epistemic benefit. Therefore, they hold that all other
Islamic sciences are independent of philosophy and "reject" the idea
that it influences and contributes to these sciences. The present paper
believes that Islamic philosophy is a very "useful" and "influential"
science and has several functions in different epistemic fields. One of
these functions is establishing affirmative ontological and
epistemological principles of theology (Kalam). Theologians have made
distinct the need of theology for philosophy and its positive and
"useful" function in theology by borrowing the "principle of the
impossibility of infinite regression" from philosophy, as the
affirmative ontological principle of theology, and "the principle of
possibility of attaining definite knowledge compatible with reality" as
the affirmative epistemological principle of theology. A
descriptive-analytical method is used in this paper.
Key words: Islamic philosophy, functions of
philosophy, Islamic theology, affirmative ontological principles,
affirmative epistemological principles.
Proving the Existence of God in Avicenna's Philosophy
Murteza Rezaii
Abstract
One of the most important issues in metaphysics, in its particular
sense (theodicy) is proving the Necessary Being and origin of the world.
Avicenna is one of the thinkers who introduces in his various books
some philosophical proofs for the existence of the Most High God. Using
an analytical-descriptive method, the present paper seeks to arrange and
review these arguments. This review is useful for researchers of
theology. This research which refers to Avicenna's works presents four
proofs for the existence of God as follows: Siddiqeen argument, the
argument from contingency and necessity, the arguments of motion and the
argument of extreme and intermediate. Among these four proofs, the
Siddiqeen argument is superior to the other arguments introduced by
Avicenna.
Key words: the Necessary Being, Siddiqeen argument, the argument from
contingency and necessity, the argument of motion, the argument of
extreme and intermediate, falsity of circle and infinite chain.
The Anthropology in Marcel's Existentialist Philosophy
Ma'soomeh 'Ameri
Abstract
Using a library survey and an analytical method, the present paper
investigates Gabriel Marcel's view on the anthropology in existentialist
philosophy. He pursues the path of mystery, secondary contemplation and
self-reflection to recognize man's reality and believes that the basic
condition for one to be human is one's existence in this world and that
man's life is contingent upon his relationship with other people. He
also holds that the relationship between "I and you", in relation to
others, exists in a kind of relationship, that is, the relationship
between absolute "I and you", i.e. God. He takes into consideration some
of man's fundamental characteristics such as freedom and free will,
love, loyalty and hope to attain a more ostensible recognition of man's
reality, and considers free will in all man's acts as an axiom and as a
category of mystery.
Key words: man's reality, relationship, mystery and problem, free will and freedom, loyalty, love.
General; Abstraction or Transcendence?
Mujtaba Farahani
Abstract
The problem of the difference among the ranks of science or, in other
words, the difference between general perception and particular
perception is an instance of the difference between Mulla Sadra's view
about the important issue of "science" and that of the preceding
philosophers, most importantly Avicenna. The philosophers preceding
Mulla Sadra have an alternative conception of the difference between
general perception and particular perception due to the way they view
the nature of science which to them has a psychic manner. On the
contrary, Mulla Sadra has another conception of ranks of perception due
to the philosophical foundations of his particular view on the nature of
science. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper
touches on Mulla Sadra's and preceding philosophers' views on the
process of perception and their proposed principles in this regard, and
concludes that the philosophers who came before Mulla Sadra, specially
Avicenna, believe that "particular" turns into "general" through
"abstraction", while Mulla Sadra believes that "particular" changes into
"general" through "transcendence". Of course, the principles
adopted by Mulla Sadra and the evidence he introduces are unique.
Key words: science, intellectual perception, general concept, abstraction, transcendence, soul.