نشریه معرفت - موسسه آموزشی پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره) - الصفحة ٨ - پائولو كوئليو و علل گسترش آثار او در ايران
The Significance and Status of Love
Ayatollah 'Allamah Mohammad Taqi Misbah
Abstract
The present paper which is a commentary on Imam Sajjad's Munajat
Al-Muridin (the intimate communication of devotees) by professor
'Allamah Misbah deals with love and attending to it. Some degrees of
love which are essential for faith in God are obligatory and some others
are recommended. The devotees are those God-seeking individuals who
want to draw nigh to God. One of the signs of love towards God is that
lover likes to frequently hear his/her beloved's name and is interested
in those things attributed to God. The other one is love towards God's
saints and prophets. The signs of God's beloved are: repentance, purity,
self-sacrifice in the way of God.
Key words: love towards God, God's beloved, signs of love, signs of beloved
Two Realms of Appearance and Hidden in Jalal Al-Din Mowlavi's Worldview
Mohammad Fanaii Ashkewari
Abstract
One of the most important pillars of mystical worldview is attention to
two realms of appearance and hidden aspects of actuality. Accordingly,
any real being, including world, man, and even the Most High God have
these two aspects. Outward sciences try to know the appearance of world,
but mysticism is man's attempt to understand the hidden aspect of
existence. This doctrine is one of the pillars of Mowlana Jalal Al-Din
Balkhi's mystical thought and the key to understand his works especially
his masterpiece "Masnavi Ma'navi (spiritual ode).
The present paper tries to explain Mowlavi's viewpoint on the matter
through extracting related couplets from "Masnavi Ma'navi" and
interpreting them. The research findings show that Mowlavi believes that
world, man, knowledge, religion, Quran, Man's act, and any other
reality has appearance and hidden aspects and real knowledge means
achieving these hidden aspects. Mystical religiosity and religiousness
mean discovering the geography of the hidden aspect and living in it.
Key words: appearance, hidden aspect, invisible, martyrdom, knowledge, mysticism, exoteric commentary, sacred law, reality.
Ibn 'Arabi and Reviewing Ttwo Doubts about Him: the Claim of Being the Seal of Friends and Seeing the People of Rajab
Ismail Nejati
Abstract
Ibn 'Arabi is one of the very famous pundits of theoretical mysticism
in the true religion of Islam because according to some sayings he is
the one who has brought theoretical mysticism into the realm of
spiritual journey; so he is the turning point of Islamic mysticism and
all scholars, whether for or against this intellectual system, have
focused on him. His works, like those of other outstanding thinkers,
have been written with great care and some of them are textbooks.
Meanwhile, some phrases in the works attributed to him have
ambiguities. These phrases are sometimes interpreted as blasphemy and
resulted in his anathemas and sometimes rejected as his sayings and or
considered as correct ones. The present paper tries to discuss two
ambiguous phrases attributed to him and find the answers given to these
ambiguous phrases by the pundits and researcher of this field. The
research method is rational, narrative, and critical using library
resources. The research findings show that those scholars who agree with
Ibn 'Arabi have strong reasons, that there are distortions and
alternations in the texts attribute to him, and that the expression "the
seal of friends" implies an idiomatic meaning in the realm of
theoretical mysticism and does not mean heresy or blasphemy.
Key words: Ibn 'Arabi, the seal of friends, the people of Rajab, authority, Rafidite, Shi'a.
The Quality of the Most High God's Manifestation in Islamic Mysticism
Ali Sadeqi
Abstract
The issue of how the Most High God is manifested in the degrees of
determinations, that is, how He comes from immanence degree to
manifestation degree is discussed in Islamic mysticism and sayings of
mystics. The present paper tries to explain how this thing comes from a
degree which has no determination to a degree that is observable to us.
It mainly aims at systematically expounding and explaining the
researchers' famous view on the issue which finally can be presented as
follows: in essential determinations, like first determination, the
manifestation and real existence belong to the Divinity and in
determinations which are in the circle of the most holy emanation the
creature is present and Divinity is hidden; that is, creature is the
veil of Divinity and if this veil is taken away, then the existence of
Divinity will appear.
Key words: disclosure, manifestation, appearance, theophanic form, unity, plurality.
Man's Perfection from Mulla Sadra's Viewpoint and Rreviewing its Harmony with the Holy Quran's Doctrines
Mahmud Khyrollahi
Abstract
Expounding man's perfection is the most important principle in the
field of knowledge and cognition. The philosophy of man's creation is
deeper than that of other creatures because man's is a complete and
comprehensive being vis-à-vis whatever exists in material world and
Divine world. Man is essence of protected Tablet and right path between
paradise and hell. Man's divine dimension is one of the divine mysteries
and a manifestation of divine vicegerency that can exert control in
material world and Divine world according to the manifestation of "the
Apparent and the Concealed".
The present paper tries to study man's perfection from Mulla Sadra's
viewpoint and evaluate the harmony between his viewpoint and the Holy
Quran. A brief review of man's perfection domain will more encourage us
to take strong steps in the way of our perfection and happiness.
Key words: Quran, Mulla Sadra, soul, intellect, perfection, system, creation.
The Exoteric Commentary of the Holy Quran in Mowlavi's "Fih-e Ma Fih" (what is really in it): the Blinds are the Mine of Quran's Words
Hojjatollah Hemmati
Abstract
Mystics, through observing the principles of "abstinence" and
"meditation" and continuing their related practices, experience a state
in which divine love and charity absorb all their beings, wipe out their
figurative existence, and guide them to the reality of truth and
absolute mystery. They sometimes interpret the verses of Holy Quran
appropriate to their own intimate taste and state which they themselves
call it "deduction" and accordingly provide generous and transcendent
interpretation of Quranic verses and Prophet's traditions. Many mystics
have paid attention to this method which has turned into a particular
interpretive method in mystical circle over the time.
Mowlavi, like other great mystics, has paid attention to the mystical
interpretation of Quranic verses and traditions in his works. In
"Masnavi Ma'navi (spiritual ode)" and "fih-e- ma fih", he has provided
deep interpretations of Quranic verses appropriate to his own mystical
and spiritual experience and intimate taste which appear unique and new.
The present paper studies Mowlana's interpretive method in his valuable
book, "fih-e- ma fih" in order to understand his mystical and spiritual
viewpoints on Quran's interpretation and explain his mystical
interpretations and understandings from some Quranic verses and
Prophet's traditions.
Key words: interpretation, exoteric commentary, deduction, Mowlavi, fih-e- ma fih, mysticism
Exoteric Commentary from Feyz Kashani's Viewpoint
Mohammad Ali Mohiti Ardakan
Abstract
"Exoteric commentary" is one of the issues discussed by Feyz Kashani in
interpreting the Holy Quran and in mysticism. He believed that it has a
key role in understanding Quranic verses, traditions, and realities of
existence. The present paper tries to review his viewpoint on exoteric
commentary and explain its main components using a descriptive-
analytical method. The research findings show that he considers exoteric
commentary as "generalization of suddenly suggested meaning of
utterance and applying the utterance to non-suggested meaning". Through
expounding the deep relationship between utterance and meaning, he
believes that words have single reality and spirit which may have
several instances and forms. In this way, he resolves the mystery of
Fourteen Infallibles' different commentaries of Quranic verses. He
mentions several traditions to explain the possibility of exoteric
commentary of Quranic verses and the need for exoteric commentary in
interpreting the Quran. According to some of these traditions, we can
infer that exoteric commentary can be generalized to outwards of Quran.
He believes that the criterion for correct exoteric commentary is using
narrative support or rational necessity and that exoteric commentary is
exclusive for Infallibles.
Key words: exoteric commentary, Feyz Kashani, outward, inward, utterance, meaning.
Real Mysticism and False Mysticisms
Narges Rahimi, Soqra Salehi
Abstract
Man has always inclined towards spirituality, but the development of
empiricism in recent century and man's disillusion by technology has led
to more inclination towards metaphysical affairs and
spirituality-seeking. As inclination towards spirituality has increased,
many pseudo- mysticisms have emerged that try to meet this need and
solve the problem of spirituality. However, these pseudo-mysticisms not
only could not correctly satisfy man's thirst for spirituality but also
increased his spiritual pains.
The present paper tries to introduce some of these newly- emerged
mystical schools to prove their falsity and rightfulness of Islamic
mysticism. To this end, it compares and recognizes real mysticism and
newly-emerged ones through reviewing the most important emerging
mystical cults and their principles.
Newly-emerged spiritualities have deceitful appeals and simple
literature which make them apparently true, but their principles are
weak and based on intellect-rejection, negation of sacred law, humanism,
over ambition, and the like. On the contrary, pure Islamic mysticism is
the result of revelation based on Quran's doctrines and such principles
as man's dignity, monotheism, sacred law, authority- orientation.
Key words: mysticism, Osho, Zen Buddhism, Paulo Coelho, Toltec Shamanism, Yogananda, Krishnamurti.
Paulo Coelho and the Reasons Why His Works Popularized in Iran
Mohammad Reza Anvari
Abstract
Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian novelist whose thoughts have been
considered as one of the newly-emerged mysticisms. His works has become
the most widely read in two recent decades worldwide. His famous book,
the Alchemist, was the best-seller book in ١٣٧٦ (١٩٩٧-١٩٩٨) in Iran. The
International Center for Dialogue among civilizations invited him to
travel to Iran in ١٣٧٩ (٢٠٠٠). Using a documentary and descriptive-
analytical method, the present paper tries to study the reasons why his
works popularized in Iran. Furthermore, it tries to reanalyze his
intellectual foundations, the way his works penetrated in Iran, his
agents, his propagandistic ways to absorb audience, and the velocity of
circulation of his works in Iran.
Some of the research findings show that Coelho's works were translated
in Iran in ١٣٧٤ (١٩٩٥) and for the first time about ٢٨ publishers
entered his works to market. His ten-day travel to Iran greatly
influenced the sale of his works. His extensive relationship with
readers through cyber space and free download of his works are his other
propagandistic tools. It is estimated that his works were very quickly
popularized in Iran.
Key words: Paulo Coelho, mysticism, movement, Hejazi, Alchemist