نشریه معرفت - موسسه آموزشی پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره) - الصفحة ١٤
ABSTRACTS
In Search of Divine Mercy (II)
Muhammad Taqi Mesbah
The present paper is a written version of Muhammad Taqi Mesbah's lecture
entitled In the Search of Divine Mercy, addressed to students in the
Qom Seminary School. It deals with the role of repentance in forgiving
sins. In repenting, one should understand his humility and inferiority
before the Almighty God, returning to Him with confidence and belief in
His forgiving wrongdoings, and supplicating Him for overlooking his
faults.
With an understanding of one's absolute poverty and desperation, an
understanding of the Almighty God's infinite mercy, and returning to
Him, there is the possibility of forgiving on the part of the Almighty
God. Man should see himself as a helpless creature to whom all ways are
closed off, as someone drowned in an undulant sea with no way out; in
such a state, the only one whose doors are open to all is the Almighty
God, and the possibility of repentance comes only from Him. This is the
true meaning of repentance.
KEY WORDS: mercy, repentance, patronage, appeal for mercy, mercy
Imam Ali's Thought and Method in Reforming Society
Mahdi Muhammadi Seyfar
The present research uses a documentary approach for investigating Imam
Ali's thought and method in establishing Islamic State after years of
being distant from political power, i.e. the Islamic State established
in a society distanced from the Prophet's way of life after his
departure. The Imam's governmental model is the same as the Prophet's,
but how would he direct the society towards it? To answer, we referred
to Nahj al-Balagha to realize Imam's thought and method.
It is known from the investigations that Imam's method in reforming
society was a structural reform. He dealt with changing the structures
and replacing the related emirs and the norms, considering some
standards in selecting them and their treatment towards people so that
they would influence people by their behaviors, and then the favorite
functions through a change in people's behavior would be brought about.
Firstly, in these reforms, he did not seek only to change the functions
by changing the structures, but the individuals as agents and their
relations were also of importance, and the favorite functions could be
obtained through a change in them. Secondly, acting according to this
method is spectacular in political and economic systems; however, in
personal value system as well as social relations, its prominence fades
out, for the cultural aspect of these three systems are preeminent and
creating direct change in people through informing them is more
emphasized.
KEY WORDS: Imam Ali, reforming society, Nahj al-Balagha, emirs
Quran and Sociability
Fazel Hesami
Man is a social being, and thus different from other creatures due to
those features he acquires in the process of sociability and
socialization. Therefore, sociability is the meeting point of humanities
and social sciences, and being aware of it is dependent on pursuing its
meaning in this series of sciences. According to the concept of
sociability, men get their social doctrines from environment and attempt
in the process of sociability to assimilate themselves to the
community; however, this process is a bilateral relationship, and the
agents are in mutual interaction with the environment. The present
article uses a theoretical-analytical approach to show, through a
scrutiny in Quranic verses, that the holy Quran, while respecting the
community of men, does not call all men to accepting all social
doctrines; rather it favors abstaining from those doctrines which are
inconsistent with Islam. Thus, in Quranic view, socialization is only
favorable in groups of believers who base their norms and values on
Islamic values, not in every social group.
KEY WORDS: Quran, sociability, political sociability, attitude,
sociability of the agents, mass media, social
control
A Review of the Humanities in Iranian Leader's View
Siyavash Pur-Tahmasbi/ Azar Tajvar
Humanities are the mother of all sciences, and improve the orientations
and trends of all sciences. Unfortunately, however, due to the
predominance of measurable and quantitative approaches which are
economically profitable, matters such as individuals' spiritual
development, intrinsic values in humanities and social sciences, and
appeal of learning and research are easily neglected or overlooked, or
underestimated.
In Iranian leader's view, the most important and authentic goal of
sending prophets and the establishment of Islamic State is inviting men
to worship God and helping them to grow in spirituality. To achieve this
true goal, the movement and development of humanities to acquire
knowledge in the context of religious culture is introduced as the
necessary goal.
In view of the importance of humanities and their important role in the
life, culture and civilization of the society, and considering their
different nature, pattern of relationship, and scientific behavior
compared to other scientific spheres, the present article tries to
investigate Iranian leader's view on humanities and the role of
collegiate persons in developing them.
KEY WORDS: humanities, Islam, Iranian leader
A Reflection on Indigenizing Sociology in Iran
Muhammad Mahdi Foturechi/ Qasem Oweisi Forduie
Indigenization of sociology has been the principal concern for cultural
planners and sociologists in Iran. A review of its historical background
shows that before revolution, the idea of Indigenizing sociology and
social sciences had often had a nationalistic or anti-western
characteristic, executed in reaction to social impairments caused by
industrialization of the society according to western models, and to
inefficiency of sociology in encountering the modern issues. After the
victory of Islamic revolution, however, Indigenization was proposed with
political dimensions and in accordance with realization of the goals
and causes of the revolution, with a view to Islamize universities and
finally establishing an Islamic sociology.
The present article uses a theoretical approach for investigating the
process of indigenizing sociology before and after Islamic revolution,
with a review of opponents and proponents' views; it studies and
scrutinizes the empirical background of this notion, seeking to
enumerate the most important obstacles of realizing indigenization of
sociology in Iran, and presenting some mechanisms to this end.
KEY WORDS: indigenizing, indigenization, being indigenized, nativism,
Islamic revolution, cultural revolution,
Islamizing
Indigenizing Knowledge or Producing Knowledge
Hassan Farahani
The translation movement resulted in opening new ways to the
intellectual world; in the sphere of producing knowledge, however, it
resulted in ever increasing stagnation and even intellectual dependence
as well as the emergence of a new phenomenon called intellectual
colonialism. The need to modernism in humanities would be met not by
translation and anomalous import of western thoughts, but by producing
knowledge and theorization.
The discourse seeking indigenization of social sciences and humanities
in Iran seems to have involved in some sort of confusion, for however
the parameters of western theories are modified, a new issue would
emerge which must naturally go through theorization process.
Unfortunately, we do not distinguish between question and problem, and
many researches in the sphere of humanities and social sciences are
answers to questions not solutions to problems, while our difficulty is
related to "problem-solving". The present article uses a theoretical
approach, aiming at investigating the process of indigenizing and
producing knowledge in Islamic Iran.
KEY WORDS: translation movement, question, problem, indigenizing, producing knowledge
A Critical Review of Sociological Theories on Iranian Islamic Revolution
Hassan Yusuf-zade
The present article is a critical study of the analytical and
theoretical approach of sociological theories on Iranian Islamic
Revolution, reviewing them from two viewpoints: extra-paradigmatic and
intra-paradigmatic. The role and status of Intelligentsia, as the
linking point for introducing western theories, in selecting and
purposive translation of western scholars' views on important evolutions
of the world – especially Iranian Islamic Revolution – have been
emphasized, and the writer has tried to present these reviews in
accordance with investigating the possibility of indigenizing social
sciences.
KEY WORDS: Islamic Revolution, Shiism, Islamic awakening, intellectual
Cultural Engineering and the Role of the Elite
Muhammad Fuladi
Human is a social being with thoughts, values, beliefs as well as
material and spiritual achievements, the whole of which is called
"culture". This social being enjoys a cultural system, and it is only he
who is capable of making culture. Culturalization is made through the
system of sociability and the mechanism of learning the method of social
life. The system of sociability also contributes to transition,
institutionalization, and endurance of social beliefs, values, norms and
customs. Lack or weakness of management in this sphere can also lead to
some sort of cultural disjoint. In this case, the institutions
responsible for culture in society as well as divergence or parallel
working of these institutions, lack of a single and coherent management,
etc. would prepare the ground for identity crisis, presenting wrong
models which are inconsistent with national, indigenous and religious
doctrines. Thus, management and engineering of the culture in society
becomes necessary.
The present paper uses a theoretical and analytic approach for
investigating the efficiency of the institutions responsible for
culture, management and engineering of the culture, as well as the
elite's role in it.
KEY WORDS: culture, sociability, culturalization, cultural engineering, engineering the culture, the elite, cultural system
The Reasons for Inefficiency of Struggle with Contraband
Mahdi Subhani-najad/ Abdullah Afshar
The present study, conducted through a documentary analysis method,
deals with the most important economic, political, and cultural-social
reasons for the phenomenon of contraband, the effective background for
inefficiency of the systems of struggling with contraband and its
consequences, and some of the major mechanisms for struggling in this
dimensions. To answer the questions of the research, all existing
documents and evidences related to this phenomenon were gathered through
data-gathering forms, and analyzed through a qualitative method. Among
the findings of this study are the most important reasons for emergence
of this phenomenon (such as evading payment of tariff, money-washing,
unemployment, mismanagement and monopolies, using foreign products,
advertisements, official corruption and bureaucracy), the most important
backgrounds for inefficiency of the systems of struggling with
contraband (strong attraction of unemployed people to free regions,
predominance of the culture of contraband, luxury model of consumption,
lack of an anti-value approach to contraband, domestic consumerism,
using luxury foreign products, etc.), the major consequences of
contraband (reduction in productive funding, eleimination of job
opportunities, underground economy, threatening national security,
renting, escaping law, luxury and consumerism), and the major ways for
struggling against this phenomenon (development, privatization, funding,
removing unnecessary rules, improving consumption model, introducing
the proper model for consumption, saving foreign exchange, etc.).
KEY WORDS: contraband, pathology, reasons, inefficiency of struggling, consequences, mechanisms